If you have been reading about TP-7 and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Updated 2026-03-20. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
Animal studies have examined behaviour in tests of anxiety, memory retention and stress response, and several report changes in neurotrophic or neurotransmitter-related markers. The human evidence base is much smaller, consisting mainly of short trials conducted in Russia with limited reporting in English-language journals. Sample sizes are modest and outcome measures vary between studies, so the findings are best described as preliminary. Independent replication under modern trial standards has not been widely reported.
Outside its country of origin the compound is generally handled as a research chemical rather than an approved medicine. No regulatory approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency has been granted for human use. Identity and purity are normally checked by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, with mass spectrometry used to confirm the molecular mass. Lyophilised material is stored cold and desiccated, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles are avoided.
Regulatory status differs sharply by region. Selank holds a Russian marketing authorization, where it is supplied mainly as nasal drops, while authorities elsewhere have not approved it for medical use. Material sold internationally is therefore usually labeled as a research chemical rather than a medicine. Peer-reviewed publications come predominantly from Russian laboratories, and sample sizes are generally small. Whether the compound produces comparable effects under independent, well-controlled replication remains an open question that the broader literature has not settled.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide developed in Russia as a structural analogue of tuftsin, a naturally occurring immunomodulatory tetrapeptide. Its sequence, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, keeps the tuftsin core at the N-terminus and appends a Pro-Gly-Pro tail. Researchers at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow synthesized the compound during the 1990s while searching for peptides with combined anxiolytic and immunomodulatory activity. The added tail was intended to resist enzymatic cleavage and prolong the molecule's presence in circulation.
The compound has a calculated molecular weight near 751.9 daltons and carries a net positive charge at physiological pH because of its arginine residue. It dissolves freely in water and in common aqueous buffers, and typically appears as a white or off-white lyophilized powder. The amide backbone makes the molecule susceptible to peptidases, which limits oral use and favors intranasal or parenteral routes. Nomenclature in the literature varies: the substance is also described by the sequence abbreviation TP-7 and by a Russian trade designation.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common route | Intranasal | Also injected in some animal work |
| Solubility class | Freely soluble in water | Solid form is hygroscopic |
| Typical storage | About -20 degrees Celsius | Keep desiccated and dark |
| Purity method | Reverse-phase HPLC | Reported as area percent |
| Confirmatory method | Mass spectrometry | Verifies expected molecular mass |
Identity and purity are usually assessed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, with mass spectrometry used to confirm molecular mass and sequence information. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping may supplement these methods. Certified reference standards are scarce, and many commercial lots are sold as research chemicals without a pharmacopoeial monograph. Regulatory treatment differs by country: Selank is a registered prescription medicine in Russia, while in the European Union and the United States it is not an approved drug and may fall under research-chemical or unapproved-product frameworks.
Selank is a hydrophilic peptide and dissolves readily in water and in aqueous buffers. The lyophilised powder is typically a white to off-white solid. Because short peptides are prone to hydrolysis and oxidation, handling benefits from limiting exposure to heat, moisture and strong light. Working solutions are commonly prepared in sterile water or saline, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles are avoided to reduce aggregation and loss of activity. These practices reflect general laboratory convention rather than published stability specifications.
Handling follows standard practice for research peptides. Material is weighed in a low-humidity environment because the powder absorbs atmospheric moisture. Purity is reported as the percentage area of the main peak in a chromatogram, with specifications commonly set at 95 percent or higher; values below that threshold indicate the presence of truncated or modified species. Residual trifluoroacetate from purification is often present and may affect mass balance. Certificates of analysis should state the analytical method, the column and gradient used, and the lot-specific retention time so that results can be compared across suppliers.
Identity and purity of selank are established with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The peptide elutes from C18 columns with acetonitrile gradients in water containing trifluoroacetic acid or formic acid, and detection is usually performed by ultraviolet absorbance near 214 nm. Electrospray ionization in positive mode gives a doubly protonated ion near m/z 377, consistent with a mass of about 752 Da. Amino acid analysis or tandem mass spectrometry of fragment ions confirms the sequence. Because the molecule has no aromatic residues, it lacks a usable 280 nm chromophore, so low-wavelength detection or mass spectrometry is required.
Peptide bonds in selank are susceptible to hydrolysis under strongly acidic or basic conditions, and the terminal proline residues are vulnerable to exopeptidase activity in biological samples. Lyophilized powder stored dry at -20 °C typically remains stable for extended periods, whereas aqueous solutions degrade faster and may lose measurable purity within days to weeks depending on pH, temperature, and microbial load. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles promote aggregation and adsorption to container surfaces. For analytical work, solutions are usually prepared fresh, kept cold, and used within a single working day.
== Life sciences specialties == Molecular toxicology Molecular pathology Blood transfusion science Cervical cytology Clinical biochemistry Clinical embryology Clinical immunology Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics Electron microscopy External quality assurance Haematology Haemostasis and thrombosis Histocompatibility and immunogenetics Histopathology and cytopathology Molecular genetics and cytogenetics Molecular biology and cell biology Microbiology including mycology Bacteriology Tropical diseases Phlebotomy Tissue banking/transplant Virology
The type of the amyloid protein can be determined in various ways: the detection of abnormal proteins in the bloodstream (on protein electrophoresis or light chain determination); binding of particular antibodies to the amyloid found in the tissue (immunohistochemistry); or extraction of the protein and identification of its individual amino acids. Immunohistochemistry can identify AA amyloidosis the majority of the time, but can miss many cases of AL amyloidosis. Laser microdissection with mass spectrometry is the most reliable method of identifying the different forms of amyloidosis. AL was previously considered the most common form of amyloidosis, and a diagnosis often begins with a search for plasma cell dyscrasia, memory B cells producing aberrant immunoglobulins or portions of immunoglobulins. Immunofixation electrophoresis of urine or serum is positive in 90% of people with AL amyloidosis. Immunofixation electrophoresis is more sensitive than regular electrophoresis but may not be available in all centers. Alternatively immunohistochemical staining of a bone marrow biopsy looking for dominant plasma cells can be sought in people with a high clinical suspicion for AL amyloidosis but negative electrophoresis. ATTR is now considered to be the most common form of amyloidosis. It may be either age related in wild-type ATTR (ATTRv) or familial transthyretin-associated amyloidosis, is suspected in people with family history of idiopathic neuropathies or heart failure who lack evidence of plasma cell dyscrasias.
== Classifications == There are six groups of anti-anxiety medications available that have been proven to be clinically significant in treatment of anxiety disorders. The groups of medications are as follows.
The following is a list of episodes from the series CID aired from 2010 to 2014. For episodes aired from 1998 to 2009, see the List of CID episodes: 1998–2009. For episodes aired from 2015 to 2018, see the List of CID episodes: 2015–2018.
The European People's Party (EPP), the largest political group inside the Parliament, took the decision to suspend all foreign policy work relating to all matters external to the European Union until the integrity of the procedure could be ensured. The EPP encouraged other parties to follow suit. Dino Giarrusso MEP reported that he and others had been approached by Qatari officials many times: "They were hoping to improve the country's reputation especially in the run-up to the FIFA World Cup". A resolution by Manon Aubry condemning the exploitation of migrant workers in Qatar had stalled in the Parliament for more than one year before passing, due to opposition from the S&D and EPP group. After the scandal broke out, several media organisations noted that Kaili had visited Qatar one month before the scandal, meeting with the Qatari Minister of Labour Ali bin Samikh Al Marri; upon her return to Brussels, she had praised Qatar as a "frontrunner in labour rights" in a speech in front of the European Parliament. Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission, accused Qatar of seeking to buy influence in the European Parliament chamber and that it was of the "utmost concern". Von der Leyen called for a body to be created to uphold the rules on integrity and ethics across all EU institutions. The former president of the European Parliament and current European Commissioner responsible for Foreign Affairs and Security, Josep Borrell, was quoted as saying "the news is very worrisome, very, very worrisome. We are facing some events, some facts that certainly worry me.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Most complicated pocket watches == The Vacheron Constantin Reference 57260 (2015) – 57 complications Patek Philippe Calibre 89 (1989) – 33 complications Patek Philippe Henry Graves Supercomplication (1933) – 24 complications
=== Non-selective peptide toxins === ω-Grammotoxin SIA is a peptide toxin derived from the venom of the spider Grammostola spatulata. It acts to modify the P-type channel gating. ω-PnTx3-3, PnTx3-3, and phonetoxin IIA are all toxins from the spider Phonoetrica nigriventer which act to block the current through the P-type calcium channels. DW13.3 is a peptide toxin from the spider Filistata hibernalis and it is composed of 74 amino acids. It also functions to block the current through P-type calcium channels. ω-Conotoxins are derived from the venom of cone snails. ω-Conotoxin MVIIC acts within the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons to block the P-type channels. Also, within the hippocampal CA3 neurons, this toxin blocks synaptic transmission. Its effects are slow. Calcicludine is from venom of Dendroaspis angusticeps, which is a green mamba. It has the ability to voltage-dependently block P-type channels. Kurotoxin is from venom of the scorpion Parabuthus. In neurons in the thalamus, kurtoxin decreases high threshold calcium currents, however, in the Purkinje cells, it increases the calcium currents.
=== Clinical exposure === Gliotoxin is toxic if swallowed or inhaled, and can cause skin and eye irritation if exposure occurs to these areas. The oral LD50 of gliotoxin is 67 mg/kg. Acute symptoms of gliotoxin start rapidly after ingestion.
Alkylpyridines: The methyl group in picolines (methylpyridines) are reactive. 2-Picoline condenses with formaldehyde to give vinylpyridine, a comonomer in specialty polymers. All picolines undergo oxyamination to the nitriles as well as oxidation to the pyridine carboxaldehydes and carboxylic acids. Selenium dioxide converts picolines to the aldehydes. The methyl group can also be selectively chlorinated by free-radical conditions. One such derivative is 2-chloromethylpyridine. The methyl group is also more acidic, allowing formation of lithiated derivatives: CH3C5H4N + C4H9Li → LiCH2C5H4N + C4H10 Aminopyridines: 2-, 3-, and 4-Aminopyridines are susceptible to diazotization, which provides access to many further derivatives, such as the halides. Tautomerizaton of the 2- and 4-aminopyridines is disfavored, unlike the corresponding pyridinols. Hydroxypyridines: A prominent reaction of 2-hydroxypyridine and 4-hydroxypyridine is their reversible tautomerization to the corresponding pyridones. Being electron rich compared to pyridine itself, the hydroxypyridines readily undergo halogenation. Whereas 3-hydroxypyrdine has phenol-like, the 2- and 4-isomers react with halogenating agents resulting in net halide displacement of OH. Halopyridines: The halides in halopyridines are more easily displaced by nucleophiles than ordinary aryl halides. For example, 2-fluoropyridine reacts many primary and secondary amines with loss of HF. Some undergo copper-catalyzed Finkelstein reactions. Bromopyridines form Grignard reagents. 2-Bromopyridine is a convenient precursor to 2-lithiopyridine.
An agent harness, or agent scaffold, is the software layer surrounding a large language model that enables it to function as an AI agent. It commonly manages prompts, context, tool use, memory, execution state, operational constraints, sandboxes, permissions, and the processing of results. The harness connects the model to internal and external computer hardware, software, data files, databases, web browsers, command-line interfaces, and application programming interfaces, while controlling how the agent accesses and uses these resources to complete multi-step tasks.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Signs and symptoms == Disease severity varies greatly, even between family members with identical mutations. Age of onset is highly variable, although symptoms usually appear between 8 and 15 years of age. Patients usually lose the ability to ambulate 10 – 20 years after symptoms appear. Milder forms present with symptoms other than weakness, such as muscle aches, cramps, or exercise intolerance, and people in this group can retain ambulation beyond age 60. Weakness is symmetric, progressive, and proximal (on or close to the torso), usually affecting the hip girdle and shoulder girdle muscles. Hip weakness can manifest as a waddling gate. Shoulder weakness can manifest as winged scapulas. Muscle contractures, especially of the Achilles tendon, and scoliosis can also occur. Heart function and intelligence are generally not affected. Additionally, the muscles of the face, eye, tongue, and neck are spared.
Gearbox announced the formation of Gearbox Studios as a third company under the Gearbox Entertainment Company on October 6, 2021, to oversee television and film productions, with Pitchford serving as Gearbox Studios president alongside as president and CEO of the parent company. Former CTO Steve Jones was named as president of Gearbox Software in Pitchford's place. Embracer announced it intent to acquire Perfect World Entertainment in December 2021 and placing the group, including its publishing arm and Cryptic Studios, under the Gearbox Entertainment operating group. Following its acquisition in April 2022, Perfect World Entertainment was rebranded as Gearbox Publishing San Francisco, with the naming to be applied retroactively to past games published under Perfect World. In April 2022, Gearbox Entertainment announced it will acquire Lost Boys Interactive, which had supported Gearbox in Tiny Tina's Wonderlands. Later that November, Gearbox acquired the Risk of Rain IP from Hopoo Games, while Embracer transferred ownership of Volition to Gearbox Entertainment from Deep Silver following poor reception to its Saints Row reboot. The studio would later shut down the following year due to the restructuring of Embracer Group. That same month, Eidos Shanghai, another studio under the Embracer Group, was transferred to Gearbox Publishing San Francisco and rebranded as Gearbox Studio Shanghai. Gearbox Entertainment acquired Captured Dimensions, a 3D modeling company from Texas, in January 2023.
(CH2CH2)O + HCl → HO–CH2CH2–Cl The reaction with these acids competes with the acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylene oxide; therefore, there is always a by-product of ethylene glycol with an admixture of diethylene glycol. For a cleaner product, the reaction is conducted in the gas phase or in an organic solvent. Ethylene fluorohydrin is obtained differently, by boiling hydrogen fluoride with a 5–6% solution of ethylene oxide in diethyl ether. The ether normally has a water content of 1.5–2%; in absence of water, ethylene oxide polymerizes. Halohydrins can also be obtained by passing ethylene oxide through aqueous solutions of metal halides:
Maurice Peston, Baron Peston (19 March 1931 – 23 April 2016) economist and Labour life peer; author of numerous scholarly academic texts and monographs on economics; research interests included macroeconomic policy and the economics of education; father of Robert Peston. Adam Phillips (psychologist)(born 19 September 1954) is a British psychoanalytic psychotherapist, essayist and author of well over twenty books, scholarly articles and academic papers; since 2003 he has been the general editor of the new Penguin Modern Classics translations of Sigmund Freud and is a regular contributor to the London Review of Books. Alexander Piatigorsky, writer, philosopher, culture theorist; winner of the 2002 Russian Bely Prize for literature Irma Brenman Pick (13 April 1934 – 3 August 2023) South African Latvian Jewish British psychologist and psychoanalyst known for her work on countertransference. She served as the president of the British Psychoanalytical Society from 1997 to 2000. Daniel Pick (born 1960); historian, psychoanalyst, university teacher, writer, broadcaster; was recipient of a senior Investigator grant from the Wellcome Trust and led research group at Birkbeck exploring history of the human sciences and 'psy' professions during the Cold War; project entitled 'Hidden Persuaders': Brainwashing, Culture, Clinical Knowledge and the Cold War Human Sciences, c. 1950–1990'; was fellow and training analyst of the British Psychoanalytical Society and author of numerous articles and several books on modern cultural history, psychoanalysis, and history of the human sciences.
The AKUH Clinical Laboratories operate a nationwide network of 300+ specimen collection centres across 100+ cities in Pakistan. AKUH Clinical Laboratories are accredited by the College of American Pathologists (CAP), while the Hospital and Outreach Services are accredited by Joint Commission International (JCI).
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Most published work uses intranasal application, either as drops or as a nasal spray. Injection routes appear in a smaller set of animal experiments. Oral use is uncommon in the literature because peptide breakdown and poor absorption limit this route.
Reported human trials are few, brief and originate mainly from one country. They describe effects on anxiety-related measures, but sample sizes are small and reporting is limited. The results are widely regarded as preliminary rather than confirmed.
Reverse-phase liquid chromatography is used to assess purity and separation of related impurities. Mass spectrometry confirms that the observed molecular mass matches the expected peptide. A certificate of analysis from the supplier is the usual document of record.
Selank is a synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide modeled on tuftsin, a fragment of the immunoglobulin G heavy chain. It was designed in Russia to combine anxiolytic and immunomodulatory properties in one molecule.