If you have been reading about TP-7 and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Last reviewed on 2025-10-11. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Regulatory status differs sharply by region. Selank holds a Russian marketing authorization, where it is supplied mainly as nasal drops, while authorities elsewhere have not approved it for medical use. Material sold internationally is therefore usually labeled as a research chemical rather than a medicine. Peer-reviewed publications come predominantly from Russian laboratories, and sample sizes are generally small. Whether the compound produces comparable effects under independent, well-controlled replication remains an open question that the broader literature has not settled.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide developed in Russia as a structural analogue of tuftsin, a naturally occurring immunomodulatory tetrapeptide. Its sequence, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, keeps the tuftsin core at the N-terminus and appends a Pro-Gly-Pro tail. Researchers at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow synthesized the compound during the 1990s while searching for peptides with combined anxiolytic and immunomodulatory activity. The added tail was intended to resist enzymatic cleavage and prolong the molecule's presence in circulation.
The compound has a calculated molecular weight near 751.9 daltons and carries a net positive charge at physiological pH because of its arginine residue. It dissolves freely in water and in common aqueous buffers, and typically appears as a white or off-white lyophilized powder. The amide backbone makes the molecule susceptible to peptidases, which limits oral use and favors intranasal or parenteral routes. Nomenclature in the literature varies: the substance is also described by the sequence abbreviation TP-7 and by a Russian trade designation.
Outside its country of origin the compound is generally handled as a research chemical rather than an approved medicine. No regulatory approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency has been granted for human use. Identity and purity are normally checked by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, with mass spectrometry used to confirm the molecular mass. Lyophilised material is stored cold and desiccated, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles are avoided.
Published work on this peptide almost always uses intranasal delivery, with drops or a spray applied to the nasal mucosa. Some animal experiments have used subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection, and a smaller number have compared routes directly. Oral administration is not a focus of the literature, because short peptides of this size are broken down by digestive enzymes and cross intestinal barriers poorly. How much of an intranasal dose reaches the bloodstream intact in humans remains an open question.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic heptapeptide | Analog of the tetrapeptide tuftsin |
| Sequence | Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro | Reported consistently across pharmacopoeial descriptions |
| Appearance | White to off-white lyophilized powder | Typical form of research-grade material |
| Solubility | Freely soluble in water | Aqueous buffers; poor in nonpolar solvents |
| Typical storage temperature | -20 degrees Celsius | Lyophilized powder; protect from moisture |
Published clinical work is concentrated in Russian-language journals and generally involves small samples without independent replication. Systematic reviews in English note the shortage of randomised, placebo-controlled trials and the difficulty of verifying methods from translated reports. Outcome measures vary between studies, which complicates pooling of results. Interest in the compound as a cognitive or anxiolytic agent therefore rests on a thinner evidence base than the volume of citations suggests. Replication in well-powered trials with preregistered endpoints would be needed before firm conclusions about efficacy can be drawn.
Proposed mechanisms centre on the GABAergic system. Animal and tissue studies report changes in GABA-A receptor expression and reduced activity of GABA transaminase, the enzyme that degrades GABA. Effects on monoamine turnover, including serotonin and dopamine pathways, are also described, and a separate line of work links the peptide to increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in hippocampal tissue. Most of these findings come from rodent models and cell preparations. How the individual observations combine into a single coherent mode of action is not settled.
Pharmacokinetic data are sparse and largely derived from animal work. After intranasal administration the peptide appears in plasma within minutes, and reported half-lives are short, on the order of minutes to tens of minutes. Degradation proceeds through ordinary proteolytic cleavage into constituent amino acids and smaller fragments. Direct evidence that intact Selank reaches brain tissue in meaningful amounts is limited, and the extent of blood-brain barrier penetration is debated. Some authors argue that fragments, not the parent peptide, carry much of the observed activity.
Lyophilized material is generally stable for extended periods when kept dry at or below minus twenty degrees Celsius. Working solutions are less stable, and common practice is to aliquot and freeze them so that repeated freeze-thaw cycles are avoided. Aqueous solutions are sensitive to pH extremes and to microbial growth, so short-term storage at refrigerator temperature is typical. Oxidation and hydrolysis are the principal degradation routes. Reconstitution with sterile water or a mild buffer is standard, and solutions should be protected from light.
Regulatory treatment varies by jurisdiction. In Russia the compound is a registered prescription product, while in the European Union and the United States it is generally handled as a research chemical without a marketing authorization. Suppliers therefore operate outside pharmaceutical oversight, and buyers rely on supplier documentation for purity and identity claims. Chain of custody and third-party testing are the main verification tools. Analysts note that the absence of a pharmacopoeial monograph for research-grade material limits standardization across vendors.
Purity assessment relies mainly on reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Because the peptide lacks a strong chromophore, detection often uses backbone absorbance near 214 nm. Identity is confirmed by mass spectrometry, typically electrospray ionization or matrix-assisted laser desorption, comparing the measured mass against the expected value. Amino acid analysis can verify composition after acid hydrolysis. Diastereomer content and residual counterions are reported less often, although both can influence biological assays.
Virion structure is well described in a published review. Sendai virus is an enveloped virus: its outer layer is a lipid envelope, which contains glycoprotein hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) with two enzymatic activities (hemagglutinating and neuraminidase). Hemagglutinin (H) serves as a cell attachment factor and membrane fusion protein. Neuraminidase (NA) is a sialidase that cleaves and removes sialic acid from the surface of a host cell. This cleavage promotes the fusion of the viral lipid envelope with the cell outer membrane. In the lipid envelope of the virus located also a fusion protein (F), which is also a glycoprotein that ensures the virus entry into a host cell after viral adsorption. F-protein, as other paramyxoviral fusion proteins, is a trimeric class I viral membrane fusion protein. It is produced in the form of an F0 precursor that must be cleaved by host cell proteases into disulfide-bonded F1 and F2 subunits in order for the trimer to become biologically active. Under the lipid membrane is a matrix protein (M); it forms the inner layer of the virus envelope and stabilizes it structure. The SeV virion also contains the nucleocapsid core, which is composed of the genomic RNA, the nucleocapsid protein (NP), the phosphoproteins (P), which is an essential subunit of the viral of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP), and the large protein (L) that is a catalytic subunit of this polymerase. C-protein, which is translated from an alternative reading frame of the P-coding mRNA, is also associated with a viral capsid.
=== Financial performance === Medpace Holdings, Inc. has demonstrated strong revenue and income growth since going public in 2016, maintaining a steady upward trajectory in operating and net income over the last several years.
A biosynthetic pathway has been hypothesized based on proposed gene functions (see figure). btmM, with homology to Zn+2 aminopeptidases, is predicted to cleave the N-terminal methionine residue, which is not present in the bottromycin final product. btmE and btmF both contain YcaO-like domains. It is believed that one Although it is unclear which enzyme is responsible for which step, it is hypothesized that one catalyzes macrocyclic amidine formation while the other catalyzes thiazoline formation. btmJ, encoding an enzyme with cytochrome P450 homology, may oxidize the thiazoline to the thiazole. btmH or btmI both have homology to hydrolytic enzymes (α/β hydrolase and metallo-dependent hydrolase, respectively) may catalyze follower peptide hydrolysis. An alternative proposed role for btmH or btmI is to function as a cyclodehydratase in macrocyclization. Gene deletion studies failed to elucidate the function of other proteins within the cluster.
=== Augmentation of Tumor Necrosis Factor === Injection of tuftsin intraperitoneally increases the formulation of TNF in serum and supernatants of cultured splenic and peritoneal adherent cells. This was also demonstrated in vitro using HL60 leukemia cells.
The MMRV vaccine is a combination vaccine against measles, mumps, rubella (German measles), and varicella (chickenpox). It contains the combined measles vaccine, mumps vaccine, rubella vaccine, and varicella vaccine into a single injection. The MMRV vaccine has similar immunogenicity and overall safety profiles to the MMR vaccine administered with or without the varicella vaccine. The MMRV vaccine is typically given to children between one and two years of age. Several companies supply MMRV vaccines. Proquad is marketed by Merck and was approved in 2005, for use in the United States for children aged twelve months of age through twelve years of age. Stand-alone virus measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccines had been previously licensed in 1963, 1967, 1969, and 1995, respectively. An MMRV vaccine called Priorix Tetra by GlaxoSmithKline is available in some of the member states of the European Union.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
===== Role in insecticides ===== Insect 5-HT receptors have similar sequences to the vertebrate versions, but pharmacological differences have been seen. Invertebrate drug response has been far less characterized than mammalian pharmacology and the potential for species selective insecticides has been discussed.
Clytia hemisphaerica is a small hydrozoan-group cnidarian, about 1 cm in diameter, that is found in the Mediterranean Sea and the North-East Atlantic Ocean. Clytia has the free-swimming jellyfish form typical of the Hydrozoa, as well as vegetatively propagating polyps. Clytia hemisphaerica has emerged as a promising model organism as its life cycle, small size, and relatively easy upkeep make it conducive to experimental manipulation and maintenance in a laboratory setting. Some examples of studies already conducted in Clytia include those looking at embryonic development, differential patterns of gene expression during life stages, and wound healing. Clytia's genome was sequenced in full in March 2019.
== Background == This dessert originated in France during the 18th century. Among Agnes Blackwell Herrick's papers was a copy of the Paris Embassy's Dinner Party Record from 1921 to 1922. There were 16 different bombes in the collection of recipes, many with geographic names like Alhambra, Muscovite and Cleopatre. It was part of the menu for the wedding of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip. It was served at a White House state dinner hosted by Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and President Kennedy for the Sudanese president Ibrahim Abboud, and by Queen Elizabeth for Laura and President Bush.
== Career == In 2008, Nazeri joined Novo Nordisk in Iran, before working in their global affairs department in Denmark. As global medical director she was in charge of the research portfolio on modern insulins aspart and semaglutide. In 2013 Nazeri became head of medical affairs in Canada, where she launched Key Opinion Leader (KOL) engagement and learning programmes within their medical affairs group. In October 2016 Nazeri was appointed as director of Novo Nordisk and worked to build partnerships and drive innovation. Nazeri has expressed concern about the lack of awareness around the health risks of diabetes mellitus type 2, especially with regards to the development of cardiovascular disease. In 2017 Nazeri urged the public to return faulty insulin cartridge holders in the NovoPen Echo and NovoPen 5 devices, which were found to break when exposed to household cleaning agents. Under her leadership, the organisation has expanded treatment options for patients with diabetes. It was reported that Novo Nordisk's insulin degludec was the most cost-effective diabetic treatment. She launched Fiasp, a new fast acting insulin, which improves blood sugar levels after meals by working twice as quickly in the bloodstream. Nazeri has contributed to Pharmaceutical Journal.
== Electrospray ionization == Electrospray ionization (ESI) is a technique that involves using high voltages to create an electrospray, or a fine aerosol created by the high voltages. ESI sample preparation can be very important and the quality of results can be heavily determined by the characteristics of the sample. ESI experiments can be run on-line or off-line. In on-line measurements the mass spectrometer is connected to a liquid chromatograph and as the samples are separated they are ionized into the mass spectrometer by the ESI system; sample preparation is actually performed before the LC separation. In off-line measurements, the analyte solution is applied directly to the mass spectrometer by a spray capillary . Off-line sample preparation has many considerations, such as the fact that the capillary used allows for the application of volumes in the nanoliter range, which can contain a concentration too small for analysis of many compounds, such as proteins. An additional problem can be loss of ESI signal due to interference between the analyte sample and background components. Unfortunately, it has been shown that sample preparation itself can only slightly alleviate this problem which is due more to the nature of the analyte itself than the preparation. In ESI the principal problem comes not from reactions in the gas phase but rather from problems involving the solution phase of the droplets themselves.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Selank is a synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide modeled on tuftsin, a fragment of the immunoglobulin G heavy chain. It was designed in Russia to combine anxiolytic and immunomodulatory properties in one molecule.
The first four residues of Selank reproduce the tuftsin sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg. A Pro-Gly-Pro extension at the C-terminus was added to slow enzymatic breakdown and extend residence time.
It holds marketing authorization in Russia, where nasal drop formulations are sold. No equivalent approval exists in the European Union, the United States, or most other countries.
Most published work uses intranasal application, either as drops or as a nasal spray. Injection routes appear in a smaller set of animal experiments. Oral use is uncommon in the literature because peptide breakdown and poor absorption limit this route.