Everything below concerns Certificate of analysis. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Updated 2025-08-12. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
Published work on this peptide almost always uses intranasal delivery, with drops or a spray applied to the nasal mucosa. Some animal experiments have used subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection, and a smaller number have compared routes directly. Oral administration is not a focus of the literature, because short peptides of this size are broken down by digestive enzymes and cross intestinal barriers poorly. How much of an intranasal dose reaches the bloodstream intact in humans remains an open question.
Animal studies have examined behaviour in tests of anxiety, memory retention and stress response, and several report changes in neurotrophic or neurotransmitter-related markers. The human evidence base is much smaller, consisting mainly of short trials conducted in Russia with limited reporting in English-language journals. Sample sizes are modest and outcome measures vary between studies, so the findings are best described as preliminary. Independent replication under modern trial standards has not been widely reported.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro. Its four N-terminal residues reproduce tuftsin, a tetrapeptide fragment of the immunoglobulin heavy chain, while the C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension is a synthetic addition. The peptide has a molecular mass near 752 daltons and carries a net positive charge at physiological pH because of the arginine and lysine side chains. Published indexes list it under the name Selank and the sequence abbreviation TKPRPGP. Solid-phase peptide synthesis is the standard production route for research quantities.
Development took place at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where a series of short peptides were designed in the 1980s and 1990s. Selank was selected from variants of tuftsin that showed resistance to plasma peptidases. Russian regulatory approval covers it as an anxiolytic agent given intranasally. Outside that market the compound is normally handled as a research chemical rather than a medicine, and no widely recognised international pharmacopoeial monograph exists. The name Selank is a coined trade designation rather than a systematic chemical name.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common route | Intranasal | Also injected in some animal work |
| Solubility class | Freely soluble in water | Solid form is hygroscopic |
| Typical storage | About -20 degrees Celsius | Keep desiccated and dark |
| Purity method | Reverse-phase HPLC | Reported as area percent |
| Confirmatory method | Mass spectrometry | Verifies expected molecular mass |
The compound has a calculated molecular weight near 751.9 daltons and carries a net positive charge at physiological pH because of its arginine residue. It dissolves freely in water and in common aqueous buffers, and typically appears as a white or off-white lyophilized powder. The amide backbone makes the molecule susceptible to peptidases, which limits oral use and favors intranasal or parenteral routes. Nomenclature in the literature varies: the substance is also described by the sequence abbreviation TP-7 and by a Russian trade designation.
Regulatory status differs sharply by region. Selank holds a Russian marketing authorization, where it is supplied mainly as nasal drops, while authorities elsewhere have not approved it for medical use. Material sold internationally is therefore usually labeled as a research chemical rather than a medicine. Peer-reviewed publications come predominantly from Russian laboratories, and sample sizes are generally small. Whether the compound produces comparable effects under independent, well-controlled replication remains an open question that the broader literature has not settled.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, frequently abbreviated as TKPRPGP. It was designed as a structural analogue of tuftsin, a naturally occurring tetrapeptide released by enzymatic cleavage of the immunoglobulin heavy chain. The two additional proline residues at the C-terminal end extend the parent chain and change how the molecule behaves in solution. The free peptide has a calculated molecular mass of approximately 751.9 g/mol and is generally supplied as a lyophilised white to off-white powder.
Development work on the compound began in the 1980s and 1990s at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow, within the same research programme that produced the peptide Semax. Early investigators sought a tuftsin derivative with improved resistance to enzymatic breakdown and with activity in the central nervous system after peripheral administration. Most of the primary literature from this period was published in Russian, a factor that still shapes how easily the findings can be checked by outside groups.
Naming for this compound is not fully standardised in English sources. The spelling Selanc appears in some transliterations, and catalogue entries may instead list the peptide sequence itself as the identifier. Reference material sometimes groups it with other short synthetic peptides studied for behavioural effects, which can create confusion when citations are compared. Distinguishing the exact sequence from related tuftsin analogues is therefore a practical first step when reviewing any dataset or specification sheet.
=== Lipid changes === Spironolactone has been found to increase LDL ("bad") cholesterol and decrease HDL ("good") cholesterol levels at the relatively high doses used in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. As such, it may have unfavorable effects on the blood lipid profile in this context. Heightened LDL cholesterol levels are a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis or coronary heart disease. Consequently, spironolactone probably should not be given to women with dyslipidemia (e.g., high cholesterol). Unfavorable lipid changes have also been seen with other antiandrogens, such as cyproterone acetate and bicalutamide.
Russian missiles struck Pavlohrad, destroying "dozens" of houses, other buildings and wounding thirty four. Kyiv also came under attack, however no damage or losses were reported. Ukraine claimed to have shot down fifteen of the eighteen missiles fired. Pavlohrad was a logistical and railway hub with a Russian-installed official, Vladimir Rogov, claiming that the attacks were aimed at railway infrastructure and fuel depots in the city. Russian shelling in Kherson killed one person. Russia announced the removal of Col. Gen. Mikhail Mizintsev from his post as deputy defence minister in charge of logistics. In Russia's Bryansk Oblast, bordering Ukraine, a freight train derailed after an explosive device detonated along the Bryansk-Unecha railway line. U.S. National Security Council spokesman John Kirby, said that the US estimated that the Russians had suffered 100,000 casualties, including over 20,000 dead, during the Battle of Bakhmut alone since December 2022. He also stated that half of these losses were from the Wagner Group. Yevgeny Prigozhin, head of Wagner PMC, said that his forces were only getting a third of ammunition they needed.
The company was founded in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1902 by Chester Garfield Fisher (1881–1965), originally called the "Scientific Materials Co.". After obtaining his degree in engineering at Western University of Pennsylvania (now University of Pittsburgh), C.G. Fisher purchased the stockroom of the Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory. Fisher became a supplier of lab equipment and reagents for the area's industrial research. Early products included microscopes, burets, pipettes, litmus, balances, colorimeters, dissecting kits, and anatomical models. The first catalog, the 400 page Scientific Materials Co. Catalog of Laboratory Apparatus & Supplies, was published in 1904. Fisher established an R&D lab at his company in 1915. Edwin Fisher, Chester's brother, developed the Meker-Fisher burner in 1921, an advancement on the design of the Bunsen burner. The company manufactured an electric-combustion furnace and combustion train for analyzing carbon levels in steel, and an electrically heated and thermostatically controlled bacteriological incubator. In 1925, the company purchased Montreal-based Scientific Supplies, Ltd. The same year, the company was renamed Fisher Scientific. In 1940, Fisher Scientific acquired the New York supply company Eimer & Amend, which was founded in 1851 by Bernard G. Amend. Aiken Fisher, Chester's oldest son, became president of the company in 1949. In 1955, Fisher established a chemical manufacturing facility in Fair Lawn, New Jersey. In 1957, the company purchased the New York–based medical apparatus supply company E. Machlett & Sons.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Function == This gene encodes the subunit of a collagen-like molecule associated with acetylcholinesterase in skeletal muscle. Each molecule is composed of three identical subunits. Each subunit contains a proline-rich attachment domain (PRAD) that binds an acetylcholinesterase tetramer to anchor the catalytic subunit of the enzyme to the basal lamina. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Sven Co-op is a co-op variation of the 1998 first-person shooter Half-Life. The game, initially released as a mod in January 1999, and created by Daniel "Sven Viking" Fearon, enables players to play together on online servers to complete levels, many of which are based on the Half-Life universe but include other genres. In addition to the cooperative gameplay, Sven Co-op includes improvements from the original Half-Life, including improved artificial intelligence for both enemy and allied non-player characters. Since its original release, the project has been overseen by David "Sniper" McDermott. In 2013, Valve, which owns the rights to the Half-Life series, gave the development team the rights to publish the modification as a standalone title on Steam, and further allowed them to distribute the maps and assets of Half-Life to support its release. The standalone release, representing version 5.0 of the mod, was released in January 2016.
does not give credibility to the report and asserting that the Iranian regime is the only party committing war crimes in the conflict. The U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) previously denied responsibility for the strike in Lamerd and stated it was investigating the incident in Minab.
Evidence from the study of the organization of mineral nanocrystals in teeth of extant and extinct hominins and other primates, indicating that enamel nanocrystal misorientation in hominin teeth changed in conjunction with dietary shifts of members of the human lineage (including the introduction of meat and agricultural products into their diet), is presented by Gilbert et al. (2026). Gat, Subsol & Braga (2026) compare the development of the cortical bone in the mandible during the early ontogeny of extant chimpanzees and humans and in fossil hominins, linking the robust morphology of the mandible of Paranthropus to a distinct developmental trajectory. Orr et al. (2026) provide a catalog of isolated postcranial remains of hominins from Drimolen (South Africa) collected between 1994 and 2015. New postcranial fossil material of hominins is reported from the Kromdraai fossil site (South Africa) by DeSilva et al. (2026). Alemseged et al. (2026) report the discovery of fossil material of Paranthropus from the Mille-Logya research area determined to be between 2.5 and 2.9-million-years-old, representing the first record of the genus in the Afar region of Ethiopia and one of the oldest records of a member of the genus reported to date. Rak & Kimbel (2026) interpret the prognathism observed in the specimen KNM WT 17000 as a derived rather than primitive trait, and interpret Australopithecus/Paranthropus aethiopicus as the probable sister taxon of Australopithecus/Paranthropus boisei. Critical reevaluation of the study of Zanolli et al.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Most published work uses intranasal application, either as drops or as a nasal spray. Injection routes appear in a smaller set of animal experiments. Oral use is uncommon in the literature because peptide breakdown and poor absorption limit this route.
Reported human trials are few, brief and originate mainly from one country. They describe effects on anxiety-related measures, but sample sizes are small and reporting is limited. The results are widely regarded as preliminary rather than confirmed.
Reverse-phase liquid chromatography is used to assess purity and separation of related impurities. Mass spectrometry confirms that the observed molecular mass matches the expected peptide. A certificate of analysis from the supplier is the usual document of record.
Selank is a seven-amino-acid peptide built from the tuftsin sequence plus a Pro-Gly-Pro tail. It is produced by chemical synthesis rather than extracted from a natural source. The free peptide is usually supplied as a lyophilised powder or in an aqueous formulation.